2026-08-18T07:28:23-0400 / 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
华盛顿讯——美国和加拿大在贸易问题上争执了数十年，双方长期在加拿大软木 lumber 进口、美国进入加拿大受保护的乳制品市场等敏感问题上互相角力。
尽管如此，这两个邻国仍设法维持了朋友、盟友和贸易伙伴的关系。9·11事件后，加拿大士兵与美军一道在阿富汗作战。美加长达5525英里的边境不设防，每天有近33万人和价值20亿美元的货物过境；有80万加拿大人居住在美国。
但特朗普总统对加拿大采取的强硬态度，与两国间传统的合作关系形成了显著背离。特朗普为推动制造业回流美国，对加拿大商品加征关税，并多次发表将加拿大变成美国第51个州的煽动性言论。
加拿大民众已经忍无可忍。自7月21日以来，一份要求驱逐美国大使——特朗普的盟友——的请愿书已收集了近21.8万个签名。请愿书指责大使皮特·霍克斯特拉等人“常态化”了特朗普吞并加拿大的言论。
若特朗普按计划对价值200亿美元的加拿大商品加征50%关税，从曲棍球棒到压舌板均在列，紧张局势将于周三凌晨12点01分升级至新高度。
随着最后期限临近，两国正寻求达成休战协议，以避免新一轮关税措施落地。
“我们正在进行谈判，”加拿大总理马克·卡尼周一用法语对记者表示，“谈判非常紧张且微妙。现在不是公开谈论谈判的时候。”
特朗普与加拿大总理马克·卡尼 未标注日期照片 哥伦比亚广播公司新闻
特朗普与加拿大的紧张关系源于贸易、北约、底特律地区一座桥梁的争端，以及他威胁将加拿大变为美国第51个州的言论。
特朗普政府对加拿大——美国第二大贸易伙伴——商品征收的关税目前为10%，不过大多数加拿大进口商品因符合《美墨加协定》条款而获得豁免，该协定是特朗普第一任期内签署的贸易协议。
去年加拿大出口的商品中近72%销往美国。而特朗普政府可能对在11月中期选举前加征高额新关税心存顾虑——这些关税将由美国进口商承担，他们可能会通过提高价格将成本转嫁给消费者。当前美国选民已对生活成本高企感到不满。
“我认为双方都不希望这些关税生效，”金斯顿·斯伯丁律师事务所合伙人、前美国贸易官员瑞安·马耶鲁斯表示，“双方都有强烈的意愿寻求脱身之法。”
双方的诉求
马耶鲁斯称，美国的目标是让加拿大采购更多美国军事装备，包括F-35战斗机；参与特朗普的“金色穹顶”导弹防御计划；并向美国开放更多关键矿产市场，从而减少美国对地缘政治对手中国不稳定供应的依赖。
加拿大则希望美国取消对钢铁、铝以及软木木材的关税，美国称这些产业获得了不公平的政府补贴。
特朗普将关税作为其第二任期经济议程的核心。去年，他对全球几乎所有国家征收了两位数的进口税，声称美国长期存在的贸易逆差构成国家紧急状态以证明此举合理。今年2月，最高法院裁定特朗普越权，推翻了这些关税，并为联邦政府向进口商退还税款铺平了道路。
特朗普随即寻找其他途径重建关税壁垒。上个月，他以所谓未能防止或执行打击强迫劳动制成品进口的措施为由，对59个国家和欧盟——合计占美国进口的99%——征收了10%至12.5%的进口税。
援引大萧条时期法案
随后，特朗普援引大萧条时期的一项法案作为打击加拿大——他最喜爱的抨击目标之一——的工具。
特朗普援引1930年《关税法案》第338条，对占加拿大对美出口约5%的产品加征50%关税。
近一个世纪前，在美国和全球经济陷入崩溃之际，美国国会通过了1930年关税法案，对全球进口商品征收高额关税。该法案以其国会提案人命名为《斯穆特-霍利关税法》，在经济学家和历史学家中臭名昭著，因其限制了全球贸易，加剧了大萧条的恶化。
第338条关税此前从未被使用过。美国贸易谈判代表传统上更倾向于使用另一项工具——1974年《贸易法案》第301条——也就是特朗普上个月针对强迫劳动关税所援引的条款。
第338条授权总统对歧视美国企业的国家的进口商品征收最高50%的关税。与第301条制裁不同，该条款无需进行调查，也未限制关税的实施期限。
在宣布第338条关税时，特朗普声称加拿大对美国汽车、酒类和奶酪出口存在歧视。特朗普感到愤怒的是，去年他对加拿大和中国商品加征关税时，只有这两个国家进行了报复性关税反击。
“如果一个国家对我们采取报复行动，我们显然不会容忍，”美国贸易代表贾米森·格里尔周五在爱荷华州博览会上对记者表示，“我们将采取行动。我感觉加拿大人希望采取更温和的态度，但我们拭目以待。”
美国正在重新谈判《美墨加协定》——这是特朗普第一任期内强迫美国邻国接受的贸易协定。第338条关税的威胁为美国向渥太华寻求新的让步提供了筹码。
“从卡尼的角度来看，你需要（《美墨加协定》）进行重新谈判，”战略与国际研究中心经济学项目研究员克里斯托弗·冈德曼表示，“在大规模贸易战 ongoing 的情况下，你无法重新谈判协定。”
但加拿大公众对特朗普政策的愤怒可能会限制卡尼达成协议的能力。如果新的50%关税生效，加拿大可能会再次采取报复措施， potentially 加剧贸易争端。
加拿大政府“不能看起来只是向特朗普政府的要求屈服”，蒙特利尔麦吉尔大学政治学教授丹尼尔·贝兰表示，“在没有获得有意义回报的情况下做出进一步让步，可能会引发强烈反弹……风险在于卡尼政府会让加拿大看起来软弱，从而更容易在未来遭受特朗普政府的贸易和地缘政治霸凌。”
加拿大负责美国贸易的部长多米尼克·勒布朗周一与格里尔举行了会晤。会后他闭口不谈细节。
“工作仍在继续，”他说，“我们会继续做好本职工作。”
U.S., Canada in last-minute talks to head off steep new U.S. tariffs
2026-08-18T07:28:23-0400 / CBS News
Washington— The United States and Canada have wrangled for decades over trade, poking each other interminably over sore spots like Canadian softwood lumber imports and U.S. access to Canada’s protected dairy market.
Somehow, the two neighbors still managed to remain friends, allies and trading partners. Canadian soldiers fought alongside Americans in Afghanistan after 9/11. The 5,525-mile U.S.-Canada border is undefended, and nearly 330,000 people and $2 billion dollars’ worth of goods cross it every day; 800,000 Canadians live in the United States.
But a belligerent approach by President Trump to dealing with Canada marks an extraordinary departure from the traditionally cooperative relationship between the two countries. Mr. Trump has hit Canadian goods with tariffs – in a push to bring manufacturing back to the United States – and has repeatedly made inflammatory comments about turning Canada into America’s 51st state.
The Canadian public is fed up. A petition to expel the U.S. ambassador, a Trump ally, has collected nearly 218,000 signatures since July 21. It accuses Ambassador Pete Hoekstra of having “normalized” Mr. Trump’s talk of annexing Canada, among other things.
Tension could hit new heights at 12:01 a.m. Wednesday if Mr. Trump goes ahead with his plan to impose 50% tariffs on $20 billion worth of Canadian products, ranging from hockey sticks to tongue depressors.
As the deadline approaches, the two countries are seeking a truce that would avoid the new round of tariffs.
″We are negotiating,” Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney told reporters Monday, speaking in French. “The negotiations are very intense and delicate. This is not the time to talk about negotiations in public.”
President Trump and Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney in undated photos. CBS News
Mr. Trump has had a tense relationship with Canada due to trade,NATO, a dispute over aDetroit-area bridgeand his threats to make Canada the U.S.’ 51st state.
The Trump administration’s tariffs on goods from Canada — thesecond-largestU.S. trading partner —currently standat 10%, though most Canadian imports areexemptbecause they comply with the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement, a trade deal signed during Mr. Trump’s first term.
Nearly 72% of Canadian goods exported last year went to the United States. And the Trump administration might be wary of imposing a hefty new tariff – paid by U.S. importers who try to pass along the cost to consumers via higher prices – ahead of November’s midterm elections. American voters are already frustrated with the high cost of living.
“I don’t think either side really wants these tariffs to come into effect,” said Ryan Majerus, a partner at King & Spalding and a former U.S. trade official. “There’s a pretty strong push on both sides to find an off ramp here.”
What the two sides are seeking
Majerus said the United States is aiming to get Canada to buy more U.S. military equipment, including F-35 fighters; to take part in Mr. Trump’s “Golden Dome” missile defense; and to give the United States more access to critical minerals, thereby reducing America’s reliance on tenuous supplies from geopolitical rival China.
The Canadians would like relief from U.S. tariffs on steel and aluminum as well as softwood lumber, which America says receives unfair government subsidies.
Mr. Trump has made tariffs the centerpiece of his second-term economic agenda. Last year, he imposed double-digit import taxes on almost every country on Earth, justifying them by declaring the longstanding U.S. trade deficit a national emergency. The Supreme Court in February ruled that he’d overstepped his authority, striking down those tariffs and setting the stage for the federal government to pay refunds to importers.
Mr. Trump immediately looked for other ways to rebuild his tariff wall. Last month, he imposed import taxes of 10% to 12.5% on 59 countries and the European Union – which together account for 99% of U.S. imports – for allegedly failing to have or to enforce restrictions on imports made from forced labor.
Depression-era measure instituted
Then he reached back to the Great Depression to find a cudgel with which to whack Canada, one of his favorite targets.
Mr. Trump invoked Section 338 of the Tariff Act of 1930 to impose 50% tariffs on products that account for about 5% of Canadian exports to the United States.
Nearly a century ago, with the U.S. and world economies in collapse, Congress passed the 1930 tariff law imposing hefty taxes on imports from around the world. Known as the Smoot-Hawley tariffs, for their congressional sponsors, they are notorious among economists and historians for limiting world commerce and making the Great Depression worse.
Section 338 tariffs have never been used before. U.S. trade negotiators traditionally have favored another tool, Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 – the provision Mr. Trump invoked for last month’s forced-labor tariffs.
Section 338 authorizes the president to impose tariffs of up to 50% on imports from countries that have discriminated against U.S. businesses. Unlike Section 301 sanctions, no investigation is required. Nor is there any limit on how long the tariffs can stay in place.
In announcing the Section 338 tariffs, Mr. Trump claimed Canada discriminates against American exports of autos, alcohol and cheese. The president is angry because Canada and China were the only countries that punched back with retaliatory tariffs when he slapped levies on their products last year.
“If a country retaliates against us, we’re obviously not going to tolerate that,” U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer told reporters Friday at the Iowa State Fair. “We’ll take action. My sense is the Canadians, they want to have a more conciliatory approach, but we’ll see.”
The U.S. is renegotiating the North American trade pact – the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement – that Mr. Trump strong-armed America’s neighbors into accepting in his first term. The threat of Section 338 tariffs gives the United States leverage to seek fresh concessions from Ottawa.
“From Carney’s perspective, you need (USMCA) to be renegotiated,” said Christopher Gundermann, a fellow in the economics program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. “You can’t renegotiate it with a massive trade war going on.”
But the Canadian public’s furor over Mr. Trump’s policies may limit Carney’s ability to cut a deal. Canada could retaliate again if the new 50% tariffs take effect, potentially aggravating a trade fight.
Canada’s government “cannot look like it is simply caving to the Trump administration’s demands,” said Daniel Béland, a political science professor at McGill University in Montreal. “Making further concessions without getting something meaningful in exchange would probably lead to a strong backlash … The risk is for the Carney government to make Canada look weak and, therefore, even more vulnerable to future trade and geopolitical bullying on the part of the Trump administration.”
Dominic LeBlanc, Canada’s minister for U.S. trade, met with Greer on Monday. He was tight-lipped afterward.
“The work is continuing,” he said. “We continue do our job.”