2026-08-21T20:29:00.872Z / 路透社
作者：乔纳森·斯坦普尔
2026年8月21日 美国东部时间20:29 更新，距发稿已过去2小时
*第九巡回法院裁定加州与吉福兹未能证明该规则造成损害
*合议庭称所称损害大多早于该规则生效前
*周一另有一名法官裁定幽灵枪规则违宪
8月21日 路透社电——美国一家联邦上诉法院于周五驳回了加州与枪支管控倡导组织吉福兹提起的诉讼。两机构此前声称，拜登政府时期出台的、旨在遏制非法且基本无法追踪的“幽灵枪”生产的规则不够严格。
位于旧金山的美国第九巡回上诉法院以3票全票通过的结果推翻了下级法院的裁决，认定加州与吉福兹未能证明该规则对AR-15型半自动步枪的半成品机匣或枪身的处理方式给他们造成了损害。
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加州总检察长罗布·邦塔、吉福兹组织及其上诉方律师未立即回应置评请求。
幽灵枪无序列号，且可无需背景调查即可购买组装所需部件。这可能让原本没有购买枪支资格的人买到零件，自行组装成成品枪。
此次判决做出四天前，美国得克萨斯州沃思堡的联邦地区法官里德·奥康纳裁定，拜登政府时期于2022年通过的该规则违反了宪法第二修正案规定的公民持枪权。
共和党总统唐纳德·特朗普比其前任更支持扩大持枪权，但特朗普政府曾在法庭上为幽灵枪规则辩护。
所称损害被认定为推测性
加州与吉福兹反对美国烟酒枪炮及爆炸物管理局（ATF）仅在半成品机匣随可使其正常运作的工具或夹具一同出售时，才将其认定为枪支的规定——尽管民众可单独购买这些部件。
2024年2月，美国联邦地区法官爱德华·陈认定烟酒枪炮及爆炸物管理局的解释专断且反复无常。
然而，巡回法院法官埃里克·童表示，加州未能证明烟酒枪炮及爆炸物管理局迫使该州增加执法培训投入并加快自身幽灵枪相关立法进程；而吉福兹也未能证明该规则损害了该非营利组织的核心使命，迫使其增加资金以打击幽灵枪泛滥。
他还称，大多数所称损害都早于该规则生效，加州与吉福兹不能基于“推测”不法分子会利用所谓漏洞提起诉讼。
童是特朗普任命的法官。他与另外两名拜登任命的巡回法院法官霍利·托马斯和安东尼·约翰斯顿达成一致。爱德华·陈则由前民主党总统巴拉克·奥巴马任命。
2025年3月，美国最高法院推翻了奥康纳此前裁定该规则违宪的判决，但理由是烟酒枪炮及爆炸物管理局在出台该规则时超出了其权限范围。
乔纳森·斯坦普尔 纽约报道
罗德·尼克尔 编辑
我们的报道准则：路透社诚信原则
US appeals court throws out California, Giffords ‘ghost guns’ challenge
2026-08-21T20:29:00.872Z / Reuters
By Jonathan Stempel
August 21, 2026 8:29 PM UTC Updated 2 hours ago
Parts of a ghost gun kit are on display at an event held by U.S. President Joe Biden to announce measures to fight ghost gun crime, at the White House in Washington U.S., April 11, 2022. REUTERS/Kevin Lamarque/File Photo
- 9th Circuit says California and Giffords fail to show rule caused harm
- Panel says alleged harm largely predated rule
- Different judge on Monday found ghost gun rule unconstitutional
Aug 21 (Reuters) – A federal appeals court threw out on Friday a lawsuit by California and the Giffords gun control advocacy group claiming that a Biden administration-era rule to curtail the production of illegal, largely untraceable “ghost guns” was not strict enough.
Reversing a lower court ruling, the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco voted 3-0 that California and Giffords did not show the rule’s treatment of partially completed receivers, or frames, for AR-15 type semi-automatic rifles caused them harm.
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California Attorney General Rob Bonta, Giffords and lawyers involved in their appeal did not immediately respond to requests for comment.
Ghost guns lack serial numbers and can be acquired without background checks. This can allow people otherwise ineligible to buy firearms to purchase components they can build into finished guns.
The decision came four days after U.S. District Judge Reed O’Connor in Fort Worth, Texas, found the 2022 rule adopted during former Democratic President Joe Biden’s administration violated people’s constitutional right to bear arms under the Second Amendment.
Republican President Donald Trump has supported more expansive gun rights than his predecessor, but the Trump administration defended the ghost gun rule in court.
CLAIMED HARM DEEMED SPECULATIVE
California and Giffords objected to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) treating partially completed receivers as firearms only if they were sold with tools or jigs that could make them functional — even though people could buy those components separately.
In February 2024, U.S. District Judge Edward Chen found ATF’s interpretation arbitrary and capricious.
Circuit Judge Eric Tung, however, said California did not show that ATF forced it to spend more to train law enforcement and speed up its own ghost gun legislation, while Giffords did not show that ATF undermined the nonprofit’s core mission and forced it to spend more combating the guns’ proliferation.
He also said most of the alleged harm predated the rule, and California and Giffords could not sue based on “speculation” that wrongdoers would exploit the alleged loophole.
Tung is a Trump appointee. He was joined by Circuit judges Holly Thomas and Anthony Johnstone, both Biden appointees. Chen was appointed by former Democratic President Barack Obama.
In March 2025, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed O’Connor’s earlier ruling striking down the rule, but on the ground that ATF exceeded its authority in adopting it.
Reporting by Jonathan Stempel in New York Editing by Rod Nickel
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
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