2026年2月23日 / 美国东部时间下午5:55 / CBS新闻
贸易专家告诉CBS新闻，特朗普总统动用一项鲜为人知的法律工具，对美国进口商品征收15%的全球关税，这一举措可能面临自身的法律挑战。
白宫周五在一份情况说明书中表示，根据1974年《贸易法》第122条实施的临时进口关税，旨在解决”根本性的国际收支问题”，并将帮助特朗普政府重新平衡美国的贸易关系。
法律专家告诉CBS新闻，特朗普使用第122条实施新关税（将于周二生效）是前所未有的。
“在此之前没有任何总统使用过这一条款，因此可能会引发法律挑战，”华盛顿特区巴恩斯-索恩伯格律师事务所（专注于海关和国际贸易伙伴关系）的合伙人路易斯·阿兰迪亚（Luis Arandia）向CBS新闻表示。
什么是第122条？
第122条授权美国总统征收关税，以纠正该法规所描述的”美国巨额且严重的国际收支逆差”。
然而，根据为立法者分析法律的国会研究服务处（Congressional Research Service）的说法，特朗普是首位根据第122条采取行动的总统。”第122条从未被使用过，因此法院没有机会解释其措辞，”该机构表示。
但贸易和法律专家表示，第122条在当前情况下可能不适用，因为特朗普用来为关税辩护的美国巨额贸易逆差并不构成国际收支逆差。国际收支逆差涵盖一国与另一国之间的所有金融和商业交易。
相比之下，贸易逆差是指一个国家进口的商品和服务多于出口的商品和服务，而特朗普政府官员正是以此为依据，要求大幅提高关税。
“第122条适用于国际收支危机，即当你没有足够的外汇储备来支付外债时，”无党派战略与国际研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies）经济项目主任菲利普·拉克（Philip Luck）表示。”美国有非常大的贸易逆差，但只要我们能继续向全球市场出售资产，我们在进行国际贸易时就不会有问题。”
白宫未立即回应就其实施第122条关税的法律依据可能面临的挑战置评的请求。
第122条的适用范围也远小于1977年《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）——上周最高法院裁定，该法律实际上并未合法授权特朗普总统征收其政府实施的超过一半的关税。
值得注意的是，根据美国传统基金会贸易专家科林·格拉博（Colin Grabow）的说法，根据第122条实施的任何关税只能维持150天，这意味着特朗普15%的关税将在7月24日到期。到期后，国会需要投票延长关税，这在政治上可能具有挑战性。
根据第122条实施的美国关税税率是多少？
投资者咨询公司凯投宏观（Capital Economics）称，第122条下新的15%全球关税使平均有效关税税率达到14.5%。
这一数字包括根据2020年《美国-墨西哥-加拿大协定》（USMCA）对加拿大和墨西哥商品的豁免，以及药品、电子产品、农产品和钢铁、铝等已受行业关税约束的产品。
第122条关税能否延长？
是的，议员们可以投票将第122条关税再延长150天。但即使国会选择不延长，特朗普政府也已表示计划在这五个月内根据其他法律贸易法律实施更持久的关税。
总部位于华盛顿特区的凯易律师事务所（K&L Gates）国际贸易集团负责人、律师内特·博林（Nate Bolin）表示，第122条关税实际上是特朗普政府的备选方案，旨在替代根据《国际紧急经济权力法》（IEEPA）实施的关税。
博林还认为，政府使用第122条的法律依据比依赖《国际紧急经济权力法》实施关税更稳固。
“必须存在这些国际收支问题，而白宫已经证明了这一点，”他向CBS新闻表示。”这反映出政府已经酝酿了数月，并为此计划了很长时间。”
这对美国企业意味着什么？
专家表示，随着美国贸易政策仍在不断变化，用第122条关税替代《国际紧急经济权力法》关税的举措，给企业带来了更多的不确定性。
“这比提高关税更有害，因为当企业不确定未来会发生什么时，他们不会愿意投资，”东北大学（Northeastern University）经济学系主任、国际贸易经济学家阿莎· Sundaram（Asha Sundaram）告诉CBS新闻。
“不确定性的问题在于，企业不知道关税是否会保持在那个水平或发生变化，”她补充道。”因此，他们会犹豫做出任何中长期的商业决策。他们甚至可能停止投资，这可能对增长和就业产生负面影响。”
Trump’s Section 122 tariffs could spur new legal battle, experts say
February 23, 2026 / 5:55 PM EST / CBS News
President Trump’s move to invoke an obscure legal tool to impose a global15% tariff on U.S. imports could face its own legal challenges, trade experts told CBS News.
The White House said in a fact sheeton Friday that the temporary import duty, imposed under Section 122 of the Trade Act of 1974, addresses a “fundamental international payments problem” and that it will help the Trump administration rebalance the nation’s trade relationships.
Mr. Trump’s use of Section 122 to apply new tariffs, which will take effect on Tuesday, is unprecedented, legal experts told CBS News.
“No president has used it until now, so it could be ripe for legal challenges,” Luis Arandia, a partner with Washington, D.C., law firm Barnes & Thornburg focused on customs and international trade partner, told CBS News.
What is Section 122?
Section 122 authorizes the U.S. president to impose tariffs to rectify what the statute describes as “large and serious United States balance-of-payments deficits.”
Yet Mr. Trump is the first president to take any action under Section 122,accordingto the Congressional Research Service, which analyzes legislation for lawmakers. “Section 122 has never been used, and therefore courts have had no occasion to interpret its language,” the agency states.
But trade and legal experts said Section 122 might not apply in the current context because the large U.S. trade deficit, which Mr. Trump has invoked to justify tariffs, does not qualify as a balance-of-payments deficit. This measure encompasses all the financial and commercial transactions between one country and another.
By contrast, a trade deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports, and it is that imbalance that Trump administration officials have pointed to as justifying sharply higher tariffs.
“Section 122 is for a balance of payments crisis, which is when you don’t have enough foreign reserves to pay external debts,” Philip Luck, director of the economics program at the nonpartisan Center for Strategic and International Studies. “The U.S. has a very large trade deficit, but so long as we can continue to sell assets to the global market, we have no challenge conducting international trade.”
The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment on possible challenges to its legal basis for imposing Section 122 levies.
The scope of Section 122 is also much more limited than the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) — the 1977 law that the Supreme Court ruled last week did not, in fact, legally authorize Mr. Trump to impose more than half of his administration’s tariffs.
Notably, any tariffs implemented under Section 122 can only remain in place for 150 days. giving Mr. Trump’s 15% tariff an expiration date of July 24. After that date, Congress would need to vote to extend the tariffs, and that could prove politically challenging, according to Cato Institute trade expert Colin Grabow.
What is the U.S. tariff rate under Section 122?
The new, global 15% tariff under Section 122 brings the average effective tariff rate to 14.5%, according to Capital Economics, an investor advisory firm.
That figure includes exemptions for goods from Canada and Mexico under the 2020 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, plus pharmaceuticals, electronics, agricultural goods, and products like steel and aluminum that are already subject to sectoral tariffs.
Can Section 122 tariffs be extended?
Yes, lawmakers can vote to extend Section 122 tariffs an additional 150 days. But even if Congress opts against that, the Trump administration has signaled it plans to use the five-month period to impose more durable tariffs under alternative legal trade laws.
As such, Section 122 tariffs are effectively a fallback plan for the Trump administration as it tries to match the tariffs that were in place under IEEPA, according to Washington, D.C.-based attorney Nate Bolin, head of K&L Gates’ international trade group.
Bolin also thinks the administration’s use of Section 122 is on a stronger legal footing than its reliance on IEEPA to impose tariffs.
“There have to be these balance-of-payment issues, which the White House has demonstrated,” he told CBS News. “This is reflective of the fact that the administration has had this in the works and has been planning on this for many months.”
What does this mean for U.S. businesses?
The move to replace IEEPA tariffs with Section 122 duties sows more uncertainty for businessesas U.S. trade policies remain in flux, experts said.
“It’s more harmful than having higher tariffs, because businesses don’t want to invest when they’re not sure what is going to happen,” international trade economist Asha Sundaram, chair of the economics department at Northeastern University, told CBS News.
“The issue with uncertainty is that companies don’t know if tariffs will remain at that level or change,” she added. “So they will hesitate to make any business decision that’s medium to long-term. They might even stop investing, and that could potentially have negative implications for growth and jobs.”
